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Lucarelli, Rita, Joshua Aaron Roberson, and Steve Vinson (eds.) (2023). Ancient Egypt, New Technology: The Present and Future of Computer Visualization, Virtual Reality and Other Digital Humanities in Egyptology
Omnia Mounir Fathallah fathallah.omnia@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2024
Volume 9, Issue 1

 | pp.

75-79

Abstract:

Digital Humanities (DH) and Digital Scholarship (DS) are offering research and researchers in the humanities endless facilities and tremendously effective tools which have never been available before. DH/DS methods and tools revolutionize the studies in the humanities providing innovative perspectives in practically every branch of research and every field of specialization. The beginning of Digital Humanities is traditionally marked with the unprecedented endeavor of Robetro Busa (1913–2011), the Italian Jesuit priest, who was in 1946 embarking in linguistic and literary analysis of the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the Italian medieval theologian and philosopher of the 13th century CE. Busa approached IBM in 1949 with his groundbreaking idea to use computer technology for the text and word analysis of this huge wealth of medieval Latin texts instead of traditional methods of linear manual analysis through handwriting. His pioneering computational method resulted in the 1970s in the production of the first version of his entire corpus of Thomas Aquinas’ works, known as the Index Thomisticus, which was released in printed format of 56 volumes published between 1974 and 1980. Then, the electronic version of the corpus was produced in 1992 on CD-ROM format, followed, 13 years later, by the first online version of the corpus in 2005, the Corpus Thomisticum1. This was the first attempt by a humanist scholar to automate research in linguistics in the framework of medieval studies.
Human votive offerings to the gods: from the Aegean island of Keros in 2750 BC to modern Tinos
Alexios Ap. Pliakos pliakosalexios@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2024
Volume 9, Issue 1

 | pp.

45-74

Abstract:

Methodology serves as the foundational framework for the systematic scientific exploration of a problem. Grounded in Aristotelian logic, it often proves effective in elucidating various issues. However, there are instances where Aristotelian logic offers a more comprehensive explanation than methodology, such as in factual deciphering a date in a four yearlong Minoan solar calendar (1550 BC), elucidating the enigma of unmatched human parts in Keros-Dhaskalio (2750 - 2300 BC), unraveling the mysteries of the anchorage of Kouklia-Achni (1600 - 1400 BC), examining hundreds of votives from around 200 Asclepieia (1200 BC – 1st century AD), or delving into the thousands of votives found in Christian churches (1st century AD to the present). This paper suggests that the presence of unmatched Keywords: The Keros-Dhaskalio problem; The Kouklia-Achni anchorage; The Delos temple; The Epidaurus Asklepion; The Corinth Asklepion; The Holy Land churches; The Petounda anchorage; The Byzantine votives; The Balkan and Greek practice of offering under Ottoman/Turkish rule; The Assumption of Virgin Mary church in Tinos.
The Social Diffusions in the Amatory Epigrams of Asclepiades of Samos
Alaa Marzouk Alaamarzouk27@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2024
Volume 9, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-44

Abstract:

Asclepiades of Samos Ἀσκληπιάδης ὁ Σάμιος (also known as Sicelidas) (fl. 270 BC) is a particularly distinguished epigrammatist in the Hellenistic period. But for the anthology of Meleager of Gadara (c. 140 BC - c. 70 BC), The Garland, which later became the basis for the Greek Anthology, Asclepiades' works (around 47 epigrams in toto, around 14 of which are spurious) could have totally vanished leaving us with only a name.

As far as the social theme is concerned in the epigrams of Asclepiades, his works mirrored the mindset and general mood of his society. Thus, he was one of the precursors of love epigrams who injected the love trend, as a focal point and primary motif, into his epigrams. Being influenced by the elegiac nature of epigrams and the political mood of his time; that is of alienation (from the polis), his topics were quite affected and reflected in his love theme, which included despair, suffering in love and disloyalty. In addition, as a result of the central political system (monarchy), Asclepiades' writings took a greatly individualistic and subjective turn. Furthermore, there is no doubt that the sensual hedonistic propensity had played its role in turning Asclepiades' love 'eros' into erotic 'eros'. All these elements will be previewed through a social angle in this paper.

“On the meaning of being a woman and a philosopher in the Graeco-roman world.”
Konstantinos Mantas mantaskostas@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2022
Volume 8, Issue 2

 | pp.

48-60

Abstract:

This paper will focus on women as philosophers in the Graeco-roman world: its time span will be extended , roughly, from the 6th c BC to the end of the 4th c AD. This rather elongated time span is due to the scarcity of the sources: Although there is a significant progress on the subject of the role of ancient Greek and Roman women in religion, economy and –even-politics, this is due to the bulk of information which can be gathered from- both - inscriptions and papyri. We cannot be so lucky on the subject of women ‘s share in intellectual life. The surviving material written by women is flimsy and fragmented: we know the names of some female poets and some fragments of their poems, but what about female philosophers? Of course, there is a list which –according to Richard Hauley –records the names of sixtythree women philosophers of antiquity. The problem with that list is: were these women genuine philosophers or they were simply ciphers or heroines of anecdotes? In other words, did those women produce philosophical work? This seems to be a moot point in the historical research: For most of them, we cannot be sure about anything else except their name and some short story, usually in connection with a male philosopher and of anecdotal character. There were some female students in various schools of philosophical thought, starting from the Pythagorean ones, through Plato’s academia to the various epicurean “gardens”. Some women, even taught, though this is a rather rare phenomenon. But the only philosophical works which survives under a woman’s Konstantinos Mantas ELECTRYONE (2022) Vol.8, Iss. 2, 48-60 http://www.electryone.gr-ISSN: 2241-4061 49 name consists of a few epistles by Pythagorean women sent to other women who sought their advice. These epistles present problems to the researcher: Some deny that they could have been written by women, thus considering them as having been written by men using female pseudonyms. This is an argument colored by sexist prejudice: if we accept that, we should deny all female authorship in antiquity. Of course, women philosophers can be connected to female mathematicians : in antiquity, a philosopher had had to be well-versed in mathematics and there are references to female mathematicians from the mythological era(Aethra, the mother of Theseus) up to late antiquity(Hypatia). Also, some women in postclassical Alexandria were alchemists and theurgoi. This is another aspect of female spirituality : it seems that it was easier for women to participate in philosophical work of a metaphysical nature(close to witchcraft). The story of Sosipatra(4th c AD), as it has been recorded by Eunapius in his Lives of the sophists is simila to fairy tales and apocryphal texts. Another important aspect of the history of women philosophers is that they were closely linked to a male philosopher: usually , as his wife or daughter(Theano, Hipparchia, , Sosipatra, Hypatia).Like most of women doctors, female philosophers seem to have profited due to this kind of nepotism which was prevalent in antiquity. So, the fact that women, even, when they taught philosophy seem to have done so in their home, needs not to surprise us. In the Hellenistic and Roman era, women could act in various civic roles , as benefactors and titular office –holders but only as members of local aristocratic dynasties and in a “privatized’ civic system of rule. Last but not least: who should we call a philosopher in antiquity? The epigraphical material shows, that most of the inscriptions engraved on tombs, honouring women as philosophers, imply that the deceased were honored as educated women- not as creators of genuine philosophical works. The same seems to apply to the empress Julia Doman, wife of the emperor Septimius Severus-she was given the honorific title of philosophos, but she did not write anything. Her contribution to philosophy is limited to the foundation of a philosophical salon and to her commission of the writing of the biography of the legendary sophist and magician Apollonius of Tyana.
“THE FEMALE BODY AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF THE RELATION
BETWEEN THE TWO SEXES IN ANCIENT GREEK TRAGEDY”
Maria Christina Zikoudi zikoudimx@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2022
Volume 8, Issue 2

 | pp.

32-47

Abstract:

This article examines the physicality of the female characters in the tragedies of Medea, Hecuba, Andromache and Trojan Women by Euripides. Using the theories of performativity by Judith Butler as a key, the research seeks to explore how female physical behavior on stage could resonate elements about their performativity of gender in the Athenian society of the fifth century. Through a recording of references on the female body and after drawing parallels with the according speeches of the characters, a very fierce potential of disavowing the Athenian societal norms arises for the tragic heroines. The female figures manage to accept and utilize the social prescriptions in their favor in order to achieve some control over their lives. In this way, they meticulously employ their consciousness and they transform their passive adherence to males into a powerful abnegating means of manipulating them. Their abnegation patterns fall into eight categories for the purposes of organizing the way females produce their physicality and perform their gender. These patterns are submission, acceptance, supplication, subversion, indulgence, death, imprisonment and reproductive power.
THE KEROS “DOVE VASE”
IS AN EIGHT-YEAR LUNISOLAR CALENDAR
Alexios Pliakos pliakosalexios@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2022
Volume 8, Issue 2

 | pp.

16-31

Abstract:

: It is widely accepted that all civilizations have used a calendar. To the question: “Did the Aegean, the Minoan and the Mycenean Civilization use a calendar?” the answer is yes. So, have any of those calendars survived and been examined scientifically, and, if so, what kind of calendars are they?" Presumably, most calendars were created on perishable material and thus did not survive. But there are also imperishable materials such as ceramics and stone which were used for the recording of the passage of time. Surviving Megalithic constructions such as Avebury, Newgrange, Stonehenge and others may have functioned partly as calendars. In this paper, after a short discussion on the different types of calendars used in prehistoric times, a unique Aegean lunisolar calendar carved on a block of Aegean marble (dated 2750-2300 BCE) is examined and decoded. This unusual artifact was found in 1964 on the Aegean Island of Keros by the archaeologist Chr. Dumas (1968), who named it “The Dove Vase”. This unusual artifact was found in 1964 on the Aegean Island of Keros by the archaeologist Chr. Dumas (1968), who named it
Platos’s microcosm and macrocosm – inspired by Hesiod?*
Andrej Kalaš andrej.kalas@uniba.sk
Zuzana Zelinová** zelinova9@uniba.sk

ELECTRYONE 

2022
Volume 8, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-15

Abstract:

The main aim of the study is to identify the Hesiodian motifs in Plato’s philosophy. Thus the study is founded on the assumption that myth (the poetic tradition) and logos (the philosophical tradition) do not represent two distinct paradigms in ancient Greek thought, but more a kind of thought continuity. We will look for these motives or analogies at the level of organisation of the world (kosmos) and at the level of organisation of society (polis). We will deal primarily with Plato’s dialogues Timaeus, Republic and Symposium. The goal of the submitted study is to answer the question of whether and to what extent did Hesiod’s work influence Plato’s ideas about the organisation of the world and society as such.
Homer and the East on Aegean Crossroads: History,
Archaeology, Mythology
Anna Ramou – Chapsiadi Reviewed by: † Anna Ramou – Chapsiadi Translated by: Marianna Nikolaou m.nikolaou@aegean.gr

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 8, Issue 1

 | pp.

28-31

Abstract:

Dio Chrysostom’s Euboicus as a rejection of Greco-Roman urban
civilization1
Ioannis Papadopoulos ioannispapadopoulos1987@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 8, Issue 1

 | pp.

19-27

Abstract:

Dio Chrysostom’s Euboicus presents a unique case-study of a divergent voice that disrupts the rather smooth discourse of the urban dimensions of the Second Sophistic. The author, having experienced a rather turbulent period of life, during Domitian’s reign and observed alternative ways of life, unfamiliar with the Greek and Roman examples, produced a manifesto of a new view of social living. The ideas and examples presented in the aforementioned work rather reject some of the fundamental social principles of urban living during Classical Antiquity. The extent that Dio was a visionary of social change or a plain reactionary as a result of his personal calamities remains unclear. However, his treatise, describing a remote community in mountainous Euboea, consists not only of a call to a retreat to a more natural and ‘primitivistic’ way of life, but also includes a sharp criticism of the dominant problems of a Greek city during the imperial era. Through his reflection on such issues, Dio, appeared to have reached the fringes of civil disobedience, inspired by cultural otherness and the resistance to the monolithic Greek and Roman social norms.
‘The Funeral of Sarpedon’ by Constantine P. Cavafy
and Kyriakos Charalambidis: convergences - divergences / similarities –
differences
Louiza Christodoulidou xristod@aegean.gr

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 8, Issue 1

 | pp.

8-18

Abstract:

Our presentation will be structured, mainly, around three axes. At a first level, our interest is focused on the artistic representations of the archaic angiographies that were the reason for the composition of the two poems, the targeting, the connotations and their consequent role. At a second level we will highlight the poetic function of the "Funeral of Sarpedon" by Konstantinos Cavafy and Kyriakos Charalambidis, as well as the convergencesdiscrepancies between them. At a third level, we will detect the contexts, since the conceptualbridges that direct us in an intertextual walk towards the corresponding contexts of the Iliad are scattered, but also in any differences or upheavals that highlight the ideological meanings of each poem.
Euripides’ Ion l.528: an example of comic self-consciousness*
Vasileios Dimoglidis dimoglvs@mail.uc.edu

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 8, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-7

Abstract:

Euripides’ Ion is a play with elements that challenge tragic gravity, and bring about a lighter tone. Although the body of criticism that discusses the comic elements of Euripides’ tragedies (esp. the so-called tragic–comedies) is extensive, little attention has been given to cases of comic self-consciousness. The aim of this paper is to examine Ion’s l.528, and more concretely Ion’s utterance ...ταῦτ᾽ οὖν οὐ γέλως κλύειν ἐμοί;, as an example of comic selfawareness, that is, an instance that Euripides himself recognizes, in a metatheatrical way, as comic, while commenting at the same time on its reception on the audience’s part.
Bodies that matter; Re- (ad)dressing the canon in Euripides’ the bacchae
Marietta Kosma marietta.kosma@ell.ox.ac.uk

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 7, Issue 2

 | pp.

50-66

Abstract:

A queer reading of Euripides’ the Baccahe, a tragedy of the fifth century BC. This paper addresses the ways in which female bodies escape the confines of their oikos, of the polis, of reproductive futurism and ultimately of an essentialized identity, while attaining an alternative identification. Narratives of violence, commodification and objectification of the body are exposed through the dialectic of the gaze. The notion of performativity of the body comes to the forefront as it is directly connected to the exposition of a queer identity. The definitional boundaries of the body are explored through queer studies, feminism, psychoanalysis and phenomenology. The possibility for same-sex desire emerges, exposing the complexity of female sexuality. The transformation of Agave to a radical subject through subversive acts of agency is revealed. This paper signals at the creation of a space for the recognition of queer kinship challenging reproductive futurism. I propose a number of avenues for further research, particularly in developing linkages between the various strands of the sparagmos and queer futurity.
“Portraits” of bifaces. Surficial findings from the palaeolithic tool-making workshops of nea artaki (Euboea, Greece)
Evi Sarantea evi.sarantea@hotmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 7, Issue 2

 | pp.

21-49

Abstract:

Along the widespread flint rocks of Nea Artaki, Euboea (Evia), in the years 1977-1978 I detected open sites with rock processing residues for the construction of Palaeolithic tools, whereas evidence of settlements with thousands of tools were found in the coastal area. Nea Artaki used to be a major attracting pole for hunters and nomads, mainly for the construction of stone tools, from the Lower Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic period. The area has been declared an archeological site since 1985, but its prehistoric site was largely destroyed after the settlement expanded over the few years. Amongst the numerous stone tools I saved, a diversity of handaxes, cleavers, clactonian flakes etc. presented herein, are in consistency with the standards of the Lower Palaeolithic period. The scarcity of Palaeolithic quarry sites in Greece, the density, the number, the variety of artifacts from different periods, their extent on the ground surface, as well as the specificity of the composition of the locally available flints – which are being eliminated following their use as building materials at present – shall indicate the urgency for the effective protection of communal sites and one of the most significant open palaeolithic sites in Greece.
Deviation from established order in Euripides’ Bacchae
Vasiliki Chatzipetrou vickychatzipetrou@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 7, Issue 2

 | pp.

11-20

Abstract:

Euripides’ play the Bacchae, is a profoundly social and political play where matters of significance like women’s rights, freedom of expression along with established social order and patriarchy are addressed. Euripides’ barbarian women become the means of resistance in the struggle of the superior males to retain their position in society without disrupting established order as it is defined by them. It seems that the opponent awe of patriarchy is “the other” i.e. the barbarian Bacchae or the maenads who were barbarized due to the Dionysian mania. Additionally, the deviation from established order leads to barbarism as one notices in the barbarian women’s conduct or Pentheus’ effeminacy which constitutes an act of barbarism in itself.
Timeless standards of democracy: JFK quotes ancient Athens
Anastasios Chamouzas chamouzas@aegean.gr

ELECTRYONE 

2021
Volume 7, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-10

Abstract:

The political views of John Fitzgerald Kennedy seem to be deeply inspired by the ideals of liberty, equality and democratic governance of classical Greece, established and widely accepted in the western world as the “cradle of democracy”. His persuasive rhetoric often includes quotes and symbolism from the legacy and splendour of ancient Athens, its standard values and democratic principles, as well as its legal and political institutions. Kennedy quotes the encomium of Pericles’ Funeral Oration to the exemplary democratic system of Athens to juxtapose it to the values of liberty of his homeland, which differentiate it from other states in the eyes of the world; both Athens and Massachusetts are proved to be a special example, a “City upon a Hill”, because of their unique political achievements (for freedom and against tyranny).
Translation as a Critical and Cultural Approach: The Case of Translating Latin Poetry into Arabic (An Overview)
Magda El-Nowieemy Alexandria University, Egypt magda_now@yahoo.com

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 7, Issue 1

 | pp.

42-52

Abstract:

The Arab World, especially Egypt, is now living in a period of abundant translations into Arabic from the original Greek and Latin texts. This has helped cross the borders and make classical writers accessible to the Arab readers. In this regard, we may distinguish three levels or types of readers in the Arab World: firstly general public, secondly educated and learned amateurs, and thirdly specialized academicians and students. The Arab translator of Latin poetry faces many problems of translation, and accordingly has to handle them, as persuasively as possible, to pave the way for the Arabic translation to meet the demands of the readers, seeking their endorsement. The Arab translator also has to elucidate the cultural context in which a Latin poem was written by enriching his translation with commentaries and notes, otherwise the translation may be meaningless and tasteless to the Arab public audience. The translator, at the same time, cannot help avoiding his (or her) critical sense to be in work during the process of translation. In my present paper, I argue that translating Latin poetry into Arabic is a creative re-construction that involves both critical and cultural perspectives.
Was Socrates educated by Alcibiades?
Andrej Kalaš Department of Philosophy and History of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic andrej.kalas@uniba.sk
Zuzana Zelinová Department of Philosophy and History of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic zuzana.zelinova@uniba.sk

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 7, Issue 1

 | pp.

20-41

Abstract:

The best-known historical character who is connected to Socratic education is Alcibiades. The link between this pedagogical relationship and the ancient notion of παιδεία can be found in almost every author of Σωκρατικοὶ λόγοι. Scholars of ancient philosophy concur that all Socratic works on Alcibiades were meant as a unified response of sorts, on the part of Socrates’ circle, to Polycrates’ Accusation, with the objective of demonstrating Socrates’ innocence. There would seem to be no reason to doubt Socrates’ positive effect on Alcibiades. On the other hand, we cannot question the Alcibiades’ undeniable negative side of Alcibiades. The aim of this paper is to answer a controversial question: how could Socrates the philosopher have been educated by the arrogant Alcibiades? Whereas most contemporary scholars consider Alcibiades solely as a student of Socrates (as receiving a Socratic education), we approach the matter from the other way around: we wish to establish the extent to which Alcibiades acted on Socrates, in a certain sense, thus educating him (even if unintentionally). In our paper, we focus on Aeschines’ and Plato’s portrayals of Alcibiades.
A kinesiological approach to the role of the Chorus in Aristophanes’ Plutus
Ioanna Mastora Ph.D. Phil, Athens University, Postdoctoral Researcher, Athens University Department of Philosophy joannamastora@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 7, Issue 1

 | pp.

14-19

Abstract:

The article attempts to present basic elements of political ideology that can be found on the choral performances of the Aristophanes’ comedy named “Plutus”, which is his last surviving work. The comedy was presented to the Athenian audience in 388 BC to glorify and demonstrate the unfair distribution of wealth and the social inequalities, while highlighting the decline of human values. In spite of the fact that in this work the Chorus has a diminished role nevertheless refers to the unjust distribution of wealth and the explosion of corruption with an interesting kinesiological approach.
TRIUMPH AND POETIC GLORY IN OVID
Paola Gagliardi Università degli Studi della Basilicata paolagagliardi@hotmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 7, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-13

Abstract:

My paper focusses on the treatment of the triumph as a metaphor for poetic glory in Ovid. In the Augustan poetry the triumph theme is treated predominantly from a political perspective, but images and situations of the ceremony are also used from a literary point of view. Ovid in particular gives this topic original and ambiguous features.
Oh my God! You’re in the Army Now: An Analysis of the Horus-in-Uniform Images
Jeff Cutright Guanmei International School Dongguan Guangdong, China cutrij@yahoo.com ABSTRACT:

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 6, Issue 2

 | pp.

45-58

Abstract:

The author argues that images of the Egyptian deity Horus, dressed as Roman soldiers, are works of Roman propaganda. While the focus here is on the statue from the British Museum, EA 36062, the argument applies to similarly attired images of Horus. Several Egyptian cults spread across the empire, but were rarely depicted as soldiers, and for this reason, one must ask why Horus was shown in this way. The proposal is that such images intended to tell the native Egyptian viewer that since Horus was a servant of the empire through enrollment in the army, the viewer should be also.
Keywords:Egypt, Horus, mythology
The concept of the refugee and immigrant in the ancient Greek world: privileges and limitations.
Ioannis Papadomarkakis University of the Aegean Rhodes, Greece gpapadom@otenet.gr
Maria Kaila University of the Aegean Rhodes, Greece kaila@rhodes.aegean.gr

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 6, Issue 2

 | pp.

28-44

Abstract:

This article examines the ways in which the literature of classic Greece depicts the concepts of migration and displacement. Different literature styles, such as history, drama and comedy approach the theme, underlining in this way the dense social impact it occupied. Through the revisiting of various classic extracts, this research aims to illustrate the way classic Greece was standing towards both the forcibly exiled and the willingly migrated, to the degree at least, this permeated classic works. Finally, this work aims to draw parallels between the past and today, regarding how the refugee is perceived.
The World Description Made in Zhou bi Suanjing Has Been Revealed
Raul Perez-Enriquez University of Sonora, Mexico raulpe55@gmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 6, Issue 2

 | pp.

19-27

Abstract:

A millenary description of the world as conceived by Chinese culture, appears in the Zhou bi Suanjing or “The book of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of the Heaven”, according Needham. Situated at Zhou (a legendary city) the dimensions of the earth and heaven, including the size of the Sun are presented in this book. The Chinese Gaì Ti’an astronomical model of a flat earth and a flat heaven, is measured with the aid of a gnomon (biao) and the application of the Pythagorean Theorem. Now, after making an adjustment to the scale of the data, the elements to locate the legendary Zhou City have been found making feasible the correspondence between the dimensions of the Zhoubi’s given world and those of the actual Earth. Here I show that Zhou, centre of the world from which the measures are done, corresponds to the city Jining located in the province of Shandong, China; also, I confirm that the distance between Jining and the Pole of Zhoubi is 4,285 km as could be found with a geographical tool such as the Google-Earth program. With these results I am confident to say that: The city of Zhou appearing in the Zhoubi exists; and, that the Zhoubi was an accurate description of the Earth at the time of Zhou Dynasty (1045 - 256 BC). Moreover, the location of cities as important as Beijing (at 498 km to the north of Jining) would be related with projection of the heaven on The World Description Made in Zhou bi Suanjing Has Been Revealed Earth: it is about one diameter of Sun from Jining. Also, it important to know that this city is recognized as the birth place of the great philosopher Confucius, giving to my findings a relevance that goes beyond the field of Astronomy or Mathematics, in which frame the Zhoubi has been analysed through the years. These findings put new perspectives for the search in other non-mathematical or non-astronomical documents elements for these disciplines.
DESCENT INTO WILDERNESS: KATABASIS OF DISPLACED HEROISM IN CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN’S EDGAR HUNTLY
Imelda Corazon Wistey Iowa State University icwistey@iastate.edu

ELECTRYONE 

2020
Volume 6, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-18

Abstract:

In Charles Brockden Brown’s novel, Edgar Huntly, or Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker, the main character, Huntly, traverses the American wilderness to retrieve Clithero and discover the truth of Waldegrave’s murder. This journey into the woods imitates the literary trope of a katabasis, or descent to the underworld by the archetypal hero. However, Huntly’s epistolary narrative, however, reflects the problematic attempt on his part to qualify himself as a hero. Displaced within his story as a failed hero-figure because of his unreliable narration, his text remains elusive as a moral story, unlike most classical mythological hero tales such as The Odyssey and The Aeneid. In this paper, I use Huntly’s story to foreground his displaced heroism when writing about his descent into the American wilderness. Additionally, I compare and contrast Huntly’s journey with the classical katabasis and how the dangers of the American wilderness transforms into an underworld. Huntly does emerge from this underworld, but he becomes a destructive force. Lastly, I posit that, while Huntly’s narrative parallels the mythological hero’s journey to the underworld and back, the portrayal of his displaced heroism inverts the archetypal hero story and challenges the morality of America as a new nation.
Subjects:Mythology
Asymmetries in sculptured heads of ancient greek intellectuals
Evi Sarantea evi.sarantea@hotmail.com

ELECTRYONE 

2019
Volume 6, Issue 1

 | pp.

39-56

Abstract:

Some sculptured heads of ancient Greek intellectuals, preserved today in Roman copies, are portrayed with asymmetries (dissimilarities between the two sides) and are of special interest. Dissimilarities usually involve the size, the shape, or the positioning of the eyes. Some slight deformation of the left side of the face is noticeable. These asymmetries occur in a small percentage of the Roman copies, and it is thought by the author that they are deliberate and intentional. They fall within a particular manner of rendering of the figures which runs through the centuries-long Greek tradition of portraiture from the Archaic period to the Byzantine era. The sculptors of the Roman age produced copies of the original heads of distinguished ancient Greek intellectuals, differentiating their appearance slightly and designing them with calculated asymmetries. In this way they drew attention to the superiority of these figures to ordinary people, or a sense of awe felt towards these spiritual benefactors of mankind. Certain of the differences between the right and left side of the heads are possibly associated with Dualism.
Subjects:Uncategorized
“Their Head Full of Fragments”: Newfoundland Author Al Pittman’s West Moon, Monuments, Fragments, and Ruins
Stephanie McKenzie Memorial University

ELECTRYONE 

2019
Volume 6, Issue 1

 | pp.

28-38

Abstract:

This paper is written in a narrative style to enhance points made about different cultural stories. It compares Newfoundland author Al Pittman’s play, West Moon, with ancient monuments in Greece in order to underscore how important it is for different cultures to understand each other’s monuments and ruins. While there are no ancient ruins in Newfoundland comparable to those in Greece, the ruins spoken of in West Moon (the mostly deserted traditional outports, or fishing villages) carry an importance similarity to ancient Greek monuments. They speak of traditions, a connection between past and present, and cultural ways, and they ultimately make one aware of the importance of a culture. The paper considers how some cultures have oral “ruins” as much as oral continuance, the latter based on the passing down of stories, and how both oral and written monuments are equally important. Inevitably, this paper turns briefly to a consideration of today’s refugee crises and posits that the recognizing of cultural continuance and remnants of monuments (carried with people through memory and narrative) might help break down the hopeless divides between “us” and “them.”
Subjects:Uncategorized
Cicero and Clodius in the Work Stoic Paradoxes
Peter Fraňo Department of Philosophy and Applied Philosophy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia peter.frano@ucm.sk

ELECTRYONE 

2019
Volume 6, Issue 1

 | pp.

15-27

Abstract:

This paper aims to analyse fourth paradox from Cicero’s work Stoic Paradoxes (Cic. Parad. 27-32). Here, using the stoic-philosophical argumentation, Marcus Tullius Cicero tries to show that he did not leave into exile (in 58 B.C.). On the contrary, it was Publius Clodius Pulcher went to exile, since he lost the rational part of his soul. Author discuss the Cicero’s philosophical strategies and concludes, that by applying stoic principles to his person and through moral dishonour of Clodius, the Roman philosopher defend his exile and offer the reader his new philosophical attitude.
Subjects:Uncategorized
The Myth of Ovid’s Exile
Michael Fontaine Cornell University fontaine@cornell.edu

ELECTRYONE 

2019
Volume 6, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-14

Abstract:

Ovid was not exiled; the evidence is massively against it. This is not a new idea, but it is a deeply unpopular, even heretical one. In this paper, I suggest reasons why scholars resist it, and I plead for a new understanding of what the “exile” poetry is.
Subjects:Uncategorized
Heraclitus theory of “εκπυρωσεις” (ekpyroseis) and modern views about the end of the universe
Konstantinos Kalachanis Nea Gnosi Professional and Vocational Training
Milan S. Dimitrijević Astronomical Observatory, Belgrade, Serbia
Efstratios Theodosiou National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

80-86

Abstract:

A key element of Heraclitus cosmology is its reference to fire as the principle and substrate of all natural processes. But apart from the material element of the fire, Heraclitus also mentions another kind of fire, the thunderbolt, which is characterized by the existence of intellect. His cosmology, however, is characterized by the ekpyroseis, that comes from the advancing of fire which is called in Greek κόρος (= saturation) and is related to the phenomenon of ekpyroseis where everything is destroyed in the fire from which comes life and death in the Universe. The theory of ekpyroseis which refers to the constant alternation between the birth and the death of the Universe is analogous to the theory of Big Crunch.
Subjects:Uncategorized
About the truth: Aristotle and john philoponus
Alexantra Ntotsika Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

71-79

Abstract:

The paper is about the philosophical inquiry of truth and falsehood on the Aristotle’s treatise ‘‘De anima’’ and the Philoponus’ commentary on the Aristotelian work (Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca). Since, the philosophical game of truth and falsehood is directly related with the cognitive process the current study mainly focuses on the definition and the analysis of the intellect, which retrieves stimuli from the senses and imagination in order to operate effectively. For that reason, there is an explanation in the two distinct chapters that are concerned with the concept of the Aristotelian intellect and its interpretation from John Philoponus, in order to extract potential philosophical differentiations or similarities. The Aristotelian intellect (nous) anchors the initial data through a logical judgement and follows the diversity of the combinations of reality. During that combinatorial operation of logic that derives from the senses and imagination (phantasia), it is possible for falsehood to be inducted, in such way that the combinations will no longer meet the existing combinations of reality. The most essential element of Philoponu’ s philosophy on truth and falsehood is intertwined with the composition of a theory regarding the distinction of nous-dianoia-doxa and the distinction of simple/impartitionable (amerista) or divisible (merista) things and not of meanings. Among those, the distinction between human- divine intellect (which is identical to the truth) is preceding and that may put at risk the aristotelian work, as it could connect it with the neo-platonian theory.
Subjects:Uncategorized
Justice: the linking virtue of politics and economy
Anastasia Dimitrakopoulou & George Tsoukalas University of Athens

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

63-70

Abstract:

In this paper we will refer to justice, which is the cardinal platonic virtue, with reference to economy. It is the most basic problem which runs from the ancient to modern times since the modern societies make an attempt to combine, the economic effects on social justice so long as its aim is the prosperity of citizens. The importance of this goal for society refers to the effect of the conflict of interests between the social classes but the scale of values in every society depends on the philosophical and the political theory of the state.
Subjects:Uncategorized
The aristotle perspective of "The polis" in today’s world society
Ioannis Ch. Karydas Dr. Panteion University - Urban Planer

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

49-62

Abstract:

This paper aims to understanding perspectives of the Aristotelian Polis in today’s society. As the modern world becomes increasingly globalized, digitalized, “virtual” etc, it is important to concentrate on the basic unit at which Aristotle’s political philosophy were intended to operate under the Polis, the city –state of the ancient Greece. Looking closer at how the Polis is referred in Aristotle’s Politics, it appears that the Polis was both a geographical particular location (Oikismos) and actively participated citizens (polites) in their community through moral and virtual political involvement (Politeia). The Polis was defined as a political ensemble of participated citizens, and one Polis differs from another by its Politeia. The Polis was by nature and Men also were by nature inclined to the Polis because they are by nature inclined to eudaimonia, to happiness. The Polis was the only human institution that can allow men to be real happy living a virtuous good life. The Polis exists for the common good life and we must rethink about the common political moral conceptions of the happiness, the freedom, the self-sufficient, real democracy. Today, the modern conception of a world nation-state or of local authorities’ institutions differs dramatically from that of the Polis. The Aristotelian Polis can be restart in a way to aim to restore the ideas of the virtual life and the ultimate happiness to our urban planning attitudes. But it would be very difficult to incorporate the Aristotelian thought in relation to the present society as the world state is concerned with the external economic evaluation of the society. So it is necessary to incorporate the Aristotelian idea of the Polis by strengthening the sense of the virtual and moral way of life and the local community identity, engaging more people to participate at a local level politic life, by making real democratic political activity personal rather than a mere matter of statistics and digital icons. Finally, Aristotle should still remain an important thinker for today urban society. The Polis can demonstrate again the importance of sharing an integrated and common democratic political relationship between men - citizens and urban society.
Subjects:Uncategorized
Silenus on the Universe: Philosophy and Cosmogony in Virgil's Eclogue 6
Magda El-Nowieemy Alexandria University

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

33-48

Abstract:

Eclogue 6 of the Roman poet Virgil (70-19 BC) is one of the most famous poems in Latin pastoral poetry. It has an individuality of its own. In this poem, Virgil, as a poet with a sophisticated and philosophical mentality, forms a new kind of pastoral poetry. He merely employed the pastoral genre as a frame to allow him to touch upon intellectual, philosophical and literary subjects of the day. Silenus, who was one of the old rural deities, is here the bard of Virgil's song. He could surpass Apollo and Orpheus by his charming song. There is not one common theme in all the stories Silenus touches upon in his song. The song starts with a non-pastoral context, a piece of Epicurean philosophy, which reveals Virgil's early and real interest in philosophy. Then it moves from didactic description to human race and mythology. What concerns me in this paper is Silenus' talk about the origin of the universe (Eclogue 6. 31-40), the creation of the world, and the beginnings of life, with echoes of scientific poetry. In order to gain a better understanding of Virgil's poetry in general, and the song of Silenus as a particular, not only a knowledge of philosophy and cosmology is essential, but also a perception of Alexandria as a centre of sciences. I give Virgil credit for a real interest in Alexandria, both as a matter of poetical technique, and as sharing the scientific interests of Hellenistic Alexandria.
Subjects:Uncategorized
Aristotle’s pedagogical philosophy
Ioanna Mastora Ph.D. Phil, Athens University, Postdoctoral Researcher, Athens University Department of Philosophy

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

27-32

Abstract:

Classical antiquity, education had been formed in proportion with the social and politicsl system of each city-state, as Aristotle briefly formulates in his work Politics (1310). Social education is the core of his politicsl and pedagogical philosophy, aiming at shaping the worthy citizen and underlying a clear distinction between the individual (=idiotis) and the citizen (=politis), since "the whole must necessarily precede the party" (Politics 1253a19-24). His pedagogical approach focuses on an all-round psychosomatic balance and development. The system of his pedagogical philosophy is based on Ethics (Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics). The pedagogical approach presupposes experience and teaching, since virtue has two natures: the intellectual and the moral one, through which wisdom and intellect can be achieved. The philosopher laid the principles of formal logic as the basis of the scientific research, however, Rhetoric and Poetry keep an important position, the reason being human mankind is “mimetic”. The present article starts with Aristotle’s work as a student at Plato Academy and ends with his pedagogical work on the exemplary “twin” (teacher-student) Aristotle - Alexander. The pedagogical philosophy of Aristotle is proven as primarily practical.
Subjects:Uncategorized
Gravitational Waves and Plato
Byron-George Zattas Chemist-Independent Researcher

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

11-26

Abstract:

The recent announcement (11 Feb 2016) of the detection of gravitational waves caused by the collision of two black holes, verified Einstein’s theory of their existence. Since this discovery is a pre-view of the creation of gravitational waves at the Big Bang, it urges us to investigate if this was predicted in Plato’s Timaeus where the creation of the universe is described. In the space-time, which is an “ocean” of energy-matter and which by being curved is perceived as the creation of particles and sensible things, the movement is not a spacial movement, but it is actually propagation of a perturbation and hence transmission of properties. The perturbation that is caused by the quantic fluctuations at the Big Bang should also produce, in theory, gravitational waves. Since the description of the “chora” in Plato’s Timaeus refers clearly to the space-time, the whole process that is narrated in the Timaeus, among other things, describes actually the creation of such waves. Being that as it may, a further study and elaboration in the cosmological view of Plato, may reveal very important new philosophical aspects related to modern Cosmology.
Subjects:Uncategorized
The platonic myth of gyges and the concept of justice and injustice in modern-day sport and the contemporary world
Konstantina Gongaki National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-10

Abstract:

Plato recounts the myth of Gyges (Republic), forefather of King Croesus, who served the then archon of Lydia. Gyges found a magic ring that gave him the ability to become invisible to others. Wearing the ring, he went to the palace, made the queen his lover, killed the king and took his riches. Thus, the shepherd, with the help of the ring, annihilated the king and took the throne himself. The obvious message of the myth is pointed out by Plato himself: Those who apply justice do so not of desire but because they cannot do otherwise. But if license were given to both the just and the unjust to do as they wished with impunity and we observed where their desire led them, we would ‘catch’ the just one selecting the same path as the unjust. This, is because every person, by nature, aspires to avarice as something good, and only by law is forced to respect equality. If, therefore, such a ring is worn by both the just and unjust man, neither would appear such an upstanding character so as to remain true to justice, if he had the ability to, without fear, do anything he desired, Plato maintains. The myth of Gyges has corresponding applications in the field of modern-day sport, as a ‘record’ turns the athlete into a Croesus, who has everything at his feet. But the myth, has analogous applications in modern world as well. How many, in truth, wearing Gyges’ wondrous ring and being able to use the advantage it offers with impunity would not do so? They are very few, those who, although possessors of the ‘magic’ ring, have the strength of character, the moral fortitude, to resist the temptation. These few, the only ones capable of rejecting the lure of avarice, are the chaste, Plato intimates.
Subjects:Uncategorized
The Writing of the Birds. Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs Before and After the Founding of Alexandria
Stephen Quirke University College London Institute of Archaeology

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 1

 | pp.

32-43

Abstract:

As Okasha El Daly has highlighted, qalam al-Tuyur“script of the birds” is one of the Arabic names used by the writers of the Ayyubid periodand earlier to describe ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The name may reflect the regular choice of Nile birds as signs for several consonants in the Ancient Egyptian language, such as the owl for “m”. However, the term also finds an ancestor in a rarer practice of hieroglyph users centuries earlier. From the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods and before, cursive manuscripts have preserved a list of sounds in the ancient Egyptian language, in the sequence used for the alphabet in South Arabian scripts known in Arabia before Arabic. The first “letter” in the hieroglyphic version is the ibis, the bird of Thoth, that is, of knowledge, wisdom and writing. In this paper I consider the research of recent decades into the Arabian connections to this “bird alphabet”.
Subjects:Archaeology, Cultural Interchanges (Mediterranean), History
Plautus: Aulularia, translated into Arabic by A. Shaarawi, with an Introduction, Notes and Select Bibliography, World Theater Series, No 369, Quwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Literatures, 2014. Pp. 293. Paperback ISBN 978-99906-0-403-0
Reviewed by: Magda El-Nowieemy, University of Alexandria, Egypt.

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 1

 | pp.

28-31

Abstract:

Subjects:Reviews
Civic landscape of Anatolia: in search of heroes
Lucia Novakova Trnava University in Trnava

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 1

 | pp.

17-27

Abstract:

Anatolia is considered one of the most diverse areas of settled Greek communities by topography, climate or history, as a place where multiple language and ethnic groups moved around, being influenced by and influencing each other. Many Greek poleis in Anatolia continued to flourish and prosper in the Hellenistic period. Some of them had to come to terms with a new position of subordination to a king, but the majority of them had been familiar with such rule before. Awareness of citizenship can be seen as a formal symbol of autonomy and independence. The individual character of the ruler or city-state representative appeared in a prominent place, standing, in iconography, between the divine and human sphere. Numerous Anatolian poleis awarded euergetai during their lifetime and legitimized declining state power in this manner. There are also signs of social transformations, if gradual ones. The huge increase in numbers of inscriptions is one of most striking features of the surviving epigraphic evidence. Written sources indicate that honors as well as memorials for citizens emphasized city-state autonomy, too. A similar tendency is traceable by a process traditionally defined as private hero cult, related to the religious life as much as to the political statements and social classification.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Society, History
Alexandria: the new Center
Susan Stephens University of Stanford

ELECTRYONE 

2017
Volume 5, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-16

Abstract:

The poets Posidippus of Pella and Callimachus of Cyrene, writing under Ptolemy II, actively construct a new Mediterranean geography in which people and luxury goods, even divinities, move from the Northern and Eastern Mediterranean to the new city of Alexandria. The building of the Alexandrian library provides a more concrete demonstration of that same trend, as the Ptolemies under the influence of both Greek thinkers like Demetrius of Phaleron and of Egyptian cultural practices like the great temple libraries strive to move the center of Greek learning from Athens to Alexandria. This paper explores the ways in which Posidippus and Callimachus shift Greek culture south.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Society, Cultural Interchanges (Mediterranean), History
Xenophanes of Colophon and the Problem of Distinguishing Between Skepticism and Negative Dogmatism
Dariusz Kubok University of Silesia in Katowice

ELECTRYONE 

2016
Volume 4, Issue 2

 | pp.

31-53

Abstract:

Sextus Empiricus in Pyr. (I, 224, cf Diog. IX, 18) describes Xenophanes of Colophon as hupatuphos, which is to mean that he was a skeptic who did not entirely free himself of dogmatic assertions. In this paper I will try to demonstrate an alternative way of understanding hupatuphos in relation to Xenophanes. In my opinion, the interpretation according to which passages can be found in Xenophanes' writings expressing both a skeptical and negative dogmatic position is possible. Thus, this thinker may be described with the adjective hupatuphos not because he did not manage to free himself of positive dogmatism, but rather because he did not free himself of negative dogmatism.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature, Philosophy
Parody of the epic tradition in the horatian satire (Satire 2.5)
Anthofili Kallergi National and Kapodistrian University of Athens PhD Candidate

ELECTRYONE 

2016
Volume 4, Issue 2

 | pp.

22-30

Abstract:

The aim of this article is to indicate the way through which the satirical persona of Horace uses the model of the epic Homeric hero in the frame of the roman satire, in order to present the human behaviour in classical Rome and blame indirectly at the same time the institution of legacy-hunting that prevailed at that time.
Subjects:Latin Literature
Are the newgrange engravings evidence of solar observation?
Raul Perez-Enriquez, Emiliano Salinas Departamento de Física Universidad de Sonora

ELECTRYONE 

2016
Volume 4, Issue 2

 | pp.

10-21

Abstract:

A discussion about a possible origin of the engravings at Newgrange Mound is given. The engravings are one of the most famous megalithic tombs in Ireland that could be evidence of ‘pinhole optics’ used for solar observations. Also, they could represent an early manifestation of the construction of a specially oriented astronomical instrument in ancient times. Newgrange’s inside chamber dimensions (orientation, depth and height) are analysed to give support to the hypothesis that the figures in the east recess at the ‘roof stone’ were made following the images produced by an array of pinholes. The instrument, we suggest, was located at several positions along the passage before it was covered by the mound; the images inspiring the engravings were observed on the day of the winter solstice at sunrise around 5000 years ago. The evidence reported here could help to relate other engravings and figures to the use of ‘pinhole optics’ by other cultures.
Subjects:Archaeology, Modern Sciences in the Classics
Hellenistic Rhodes, Rhetoric and Diplomacy: Molon Apollonius
Anastasios Chamouzas University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece

ELECTRYONE 

2016
Volume 4, Issue 1, Volume 4, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-9

Abstract:

During the Hellenistic Age the island of Rhodes stands at a superb economic and cultural and position in the Mediterranean, while Rome is the superpower that dominates the known world of the time, being an enormous empire state, an offspring of a realistic, enforceable legal and political thought. Quite apart from a naval, economic, political and cultural significant power the island of Rhodes becomes a land of education for many eminent Roman personalities. Molon Apollonius was a truly cult figure of Rhodes, a brilliant jurist, orator and teacher of diplomacy and rhetoric. He was recognized as a remarkably distinguished scholar of law, diplomacy and rhetoric even by the supreme Romans Julius Caesar and Cicero, who travelled to Rhodes exclusively in order to become his students. The Roman politicians acknowledging his skills and faculties offered him the rostrum to address the Roman Senate in Greek language, an unprecedented honour for a foreign diplomat from their provinces. And Cicero mentions: Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature, Ancient Greek Society, Ancient Rome, History
Which audience does Euripides address? The reception of the poet in respect to the political intelligence of his audience.
Spyros Syropoulos University of the Aegean Department of Mediterranean Studies

ELECTRYONE 

2016
Volume 4, Issue 1

 | pp.

26-43

Abstract:

There have been many different approaches to the subject of Euripides’ reception by his contemporary audience. The present article focuses on the aspect of the audience’s political education and experience, as a parameter for the discussion about the reception of Euripides’ plays.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature, Theater
Communication in ancient Greek teaching procedures: Interpreting images of Douris’ kylix in comparison to modern pedagogical communication styles
Panagiotis J. Stamatis Department of Sciences of Preschool Education and Educational Design University of the Aegean

ELECTRYONE 

2016
Volume 4, Issue 1

 | pp.

12-25

Abstract:

The aim of this paper is the examination of the relationship between the Protagoras' description about basic educational procedures in classical Greece and depicted ones on the kylix of Douris which is a unique and well preserved pottery revealing aspects of an ancient school interior. This study is based on bibliographical and phenomenological analysis. The depicted images are interpreted in comparison to written references related to Platonic thought about education. After that, teaching procedures of classical Greece related to communication styles are discussed comparatively (between) the ancient and modern instructional circumstances of primary education. Written evidence and painting analysis conclude that various differences exist in many educational levels including courses, teaching styles and instructional strategies. The roles of teachers, students and pedagogues are totally revealed. Those roles are comparable to the modern ones and relative to the procedures of individualization and personalization of learning.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature, Modern Sciences in the Classics
Schizophrenia in the Golden Ass
Michael Fontaine Cornell University

ELECTRYONE 

2016
Volume 4, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-11

Abstract:

Lucius, the narrator of Apuleius’ Golden Ass, meets the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia. This observation suggests (1) that schizophrenia is not a recent disease, as historians of psychiatry assert, but that—whatever its origin and nature—it is at least ancient and probably eternal. It also suggests (2) that Lucius is an unreliable narrator of the novel because he believes his own delusions even more sincerely than most readers do.
Subjects:Ancient Rome, Latin Literature
Harris, W. V. (ed.). 2013. Mental Disorders in the Classical World. (Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, 38). Leiden, Boston: Brill. xviii + 512 pp. ISBN 9789004249820.
Reviewed by Michael Fontaine Cornell University

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 2

 | pp.

75-87

Abstract:

Subjects:Reviews
East Adriatic in Pseudo-Aristotle's De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus
David Štrmelj University of Zadar

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 2

 | pp.

51-74

Abstract:

The aim of this article was to gather and evaluate all data concerning the East Adriatic coast from Pseudo-Aristotle's De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus, and to find out, if possible, which sources the author of this work had used concerning the scoped territory. In De Mirabilibus the following areas are mentioned: the island of Palagruža (§ 79), upper Adriatic with Kvarner bay (§ 81, 105), south Velebit area (§ 104), and southern Illyria (§ 22, 128, 138). Pseudo-Aristotle rarely quotes his sources, but by comparison of his data with those from other ancient literally works, we can conclude that one of his main sources for East Adriatic was Theopompus of Chios.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature, Philosophy
Psychodrama and Sociodrama: Aristotelian Catharsis Revisited
Dina Abd Elsalam Department of English Language and Literature Faculty of Arts University of Alexandria

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 2

 | pp.

34-50

Abstract:

In the 4th century B.C, Aristotle was to highlight the healing power of drama. He argued in the Poetics that drama has a therapeutic effect on the spectators, since it exposes them to a high level of emotional pressure, so much so that when the dramatic tension is resolved, the spectators eventually attain catharsis. His formulations were basically a reaction against Plato’s vehement attack on poetry. In the 20th century, Jacob L. Moreno, an Austrian-American psychiatrist, who is widely recognized as the founder of both psychodrama and sociodrama, realized the therapeutic effect of drama on his patients and was to use it as a means of treatment. Despite the fact that Aristotle and Moreno are separated by many centuries, their theories seem to converge as both stress the remedial influence of drama and its cathartic effect. Moreno, however, argued that there were differences between psychodramatic catharsis, on the one hand, and Aristotlean catharsis on the other, as the former drew on dramatic sources from the Near East. It is the aim of this paper to highlight how Aristotle and Moreno came to formulate their respective theories concerning catharsis, discussing the similarities and differences regarding their proposed catharses, and tracing Aristotlean echoes in Moreno’s theory.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature, Philosophy
Plimpton 322 Tablet as a Sumerian’s Ancient Boundaries Record
Raúl Pérez-Enríquez Departamento de Física Universidad de Sonora

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 2

 | pp.

20-33

Abstract:

One of the most astonishing tablets found in ancient Mesopotamia is the well-known Plimpton 322 Tablet. This tablet is a piece of clay recording fifteen rectangle triangles with integer number sides. It has been abundantly analysed and one of its most recent interpretations is that from Britton et al. (2011) who relate the Pythagorean triples with expert work of a scribe. They, also, assume the idea of covering the entire tablet with data including its reverse, which would include up to 23 rows with the corresponding triples. However, the only confirmed data are those of the obverse. Using the Joyce’s values for angles W of the corresponding triangles, in this paper, we consider that the triples can be visualized as gnomonic triangles (gnomons and their shadows at midday); then we suggest a new interpretation for the data appearing in the Tablet 322 of the Plimpton’s catalogue: they could represent a record of gnomonic locations of “boundary stones” (being W angles Latitudes) and consequently, they could be definitions of specific sites at the time of Sumerian world. The right triangles shown in the tablet could have been observed with a gnomon nearby cities like Terqa, Eshnunna, Akshak, Adab and Nippur in the northern part of Sumer, at the day of equinox around 4,000 years ago. Other cities to the north, outside this region, would be indicated by the other triples. If we assume that the origin of the Plimpton 322 tablet could be Larsa, a city nearby Uruk, then, we can suggest that a missing part of the broken tablet would include up to 70 mm of data (according to Britton et al.) of an additional column for the side (h) itself and a possible column for the place; at least two more rows: one for a triangle 875:1440:1685 at Latitude of Larsa and another corresponding a triangle 611:1020:1189 for Ur city. These last triples were found with a methodology based on the properties of Pythagorean triples of Plimpton 322 tablet and reported elsewhere: the h side must be a multiple of six.
Subjects:Archaeology, Modern Sciences in the Classics
Equality in the context of democracy in Plato’s philosophy
Beata Urblíková University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-19

Abstract:

The paper deals with the understanding of equality in the context of democracy in Plato’s philosophy. At first it clarifies kinds of equality which can be found in Plato’s dialogues especially Laws, Gorgias and Republic. Then it focuses on democracy – its origin and characteristics and it also analyses Plato’s criticism of democracy through equality. The paper concerns human nature, requirement for the rule of experts in relation to equality.
Subjects:Philosophy
Andrej Kalaš and Vladislav Suvák, Antisthenis Fragmenta/Antisthenove zlomky. Bratislava, 2013. 33,44 €. Pp. 542. Paperback. ISBN 9788022334471
Reviewed by: Igor Deraj University of Prešov in Prešov

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 1

 | pp.

40-43

Abstract:

Subjects:Reviews
Denise Eileen McCoskey and Zara Martirosova Torlone, Latin Love Poetry (Understanding Classics), London/New York: I.B. Tauris 2014.
Reviewed by Sophia Papaioannou The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 1

 | pp.

34-39

Abstract:

Subjects:Reviews
Però, Anna. La statua di Atena. Agalmatofilia nel «Cronaca» di Lindos [Il Filarete, 278], Milano, Edizioni Universitarie LED, 2012. Pp. 158, tavv. I-VIII. ISBN: 978-88-7916-517-4.
Reviewed by Paolo Daniele Scirpo National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 1

 | pp.

28-33

Abstract:

Subjects:Reviews
Τhe “Ultimate” Origen: the discovery of the Munich Codex.
Prof. Lorenzo Perrone «Alma Mater Studiorum» – Università di Bologna Dipartimento di Filologia Classica e Italianistica

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 1

 | pp.

12-27

Abstract:

The article illustrates the importance of the discovery in 2012 of Codex Monacensis Graecus 314, containing 29 homilies on the Psalms by Origen. It is not only one of the most important finds of early Christian literature in Greek in the last decades, but it is also a major contribution to the study of the Alexandrian teacher and to the history of biblical interpretation in Late Antiquity. The 29 homilies represent nowadays the largest body of sermons among the writings of Origen, which are poorly preserved in their original language. They also provide interesting clues for assigning the homilies to the final period in the life of Origen.
Subjects:Late Antiquity
Homer Answers his Critics.
David Konstan Department of Classics
New York University

ELECTRYONE 

2015
Volume 3, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-11

Abstract:

Heraclitus begins his allegorical interpretation of Homer with the admonishment: “If he meant nothing allegorically, he was impious through and through, and sacrilegious fables, loaded with blasphemous folly, run riot through both epics.” Modern criticism roundly rejects Heraclitus’ defense of Homer’s integrity, preferring to treat his poems as straightforward narratives of the actions of gods and mortals. But there is ample evidence of Homer’s sophisticated use of divinities as symbols rather than agents, and reason to suppose that Homeric epic emerged in dialogue with attacks on the anthropomorphic representation of gods, like that of Xenophanes. I propose to raise the question of Homer’s method through discussion of a few representative passages, beginning with Athena’s intervention to prevent Achilles from slaying Agamemnon in Book I of the Iliad and concluding with the battle among the gods in Books XX-XXI. Particular reference will be made to Paul Radin, Primitive Man as Philosopher.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature
Slovak Socratic Projects
Lívia Flachbartová Institute of Philosophy, University of Prešov, Slovakia

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 2

 | pp.

48-78

Abstract:

Subjects:Uncategorized
Beard, Mary. Laughter in Ancient Rome: On Joking, Tickling, and Cracking Up. Sather Classical Lectures, 71. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2014. Pp. 336. Binding: Hardcover. ISBN: 978-0520277168
Reviewed by Michael Fontaine, Cornell University, USA

ELECTRYONE 

2014

 | pp.

43-47

Abstract:

Subjects:Reviews
Appropriation of Mythology in Ibrahim Abd Elmeguid’s Clouds over Alexandria: An Intertextual Analysis.
Dina Abd Elsalam Department of English Language and Literature Faculty of Arts University of Alexandria

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 2

 | pp.

28-42

Abstract:

This paper gives an intertextual analysis of Ibrahim Abd Elmeguid’s novel Clouds over Alexandria, which happens to be the last novel of his trilogy about his hometown Alexandria. An intertextual analysis of a text often entails examining its meaning in light of other texts which are incorporated in it through parody, pastiche, citation, paraphrase, allusion, imitation, translation, to name but a few. The incorporated texts could be anything ranging from written works to fables, myth, paintings, songs, or movies since the word “text” has become an inclusive term of late. In his historical novel Clouds over Alexandria, which happens to be the last of his Alexandrian trilogy, Ibrahim Abd Elmeguid historicizes an important socio-political juncture in the history of the city, albeit a sad one which signals the downfall of the once cosmopolitan city and the rise of a less tolerant and colourful entity in its place during the Sadat regime in the seventies. Being a historical novel, Clouds over Alexandria understandably incorporates political and cultural elements. Interestingly, it is also infused with mythical overtones, the latter being a clear reference to the Hellenistic origin of the city and its Graeco-Roman heritage. Zeus, Europa, Antaeus, Hercules, Gaia and Alexander the Great permeate the fabric of the novel through mythological tales narrated lovingly and reverently by the characters. It is the aim of this paper to give an intertextual analysis of the artistic and ideological appropriation of those myths in an attempt to determine their significance or otherwise to the novel and the extent to which they are integrated into its structure.
Subjects:History
WHERE WERE PSEUDO-SKYLAX'S TRIERAS HEADING? Conflict and trade in the Eastern Adriatic during the first millennium B.C.
David Štrmelj University Zadar, Croatia

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 2

 | pp.

11-27

Abstract:

The aim of this paper is to investigate one passage from Pseudo-Skylax's Periplus that explains that the Naro River is navigable for trieras. Through the critique of archaeological and written evidence and the use of deductive reasoning, the author reconstructs the relations between various polities on the South-eastern Adriatic from Archaic to Hellenistic period and the political and economic context of Periplus.. According to the new interpretations of the Periplusthat emphasize the authenticity of presented data, the author concludes that this information pertains to times of ‘pre-colonial’ encounters or perhaps even from times of early colonization (i.e. from 5th till mid 4th century BC), thus the mentioned trieras were probably Corcyran or Syracusian.
Subjects:Cultural Interchanges (Mediterranean), History
Sweets without taboo – about food at the human and celestial table.
Gabriele Ziethen AKSUM - Akademische Kurse, Seminare und Mitarbeiterberatung (GbR) [visiting professor Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk/Russia;Cairo University/Egypt; Jinan-University/China]

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-10

Abstract:

This article deals with the subject of history of nutrition in Antiquity as well as with surviving traditions of preparing special sweets in Mediterranean and Near Eastern practices. Especially in case of sweets named “halwa” we can find Mediterranean, Arabian and Indian traditions by using ingredients which are defined by special nutrition factors as well as by special religious meaning. Mentioned as components of the so-called antique symposia such sweets survived until modern times thanks to their former religious importance as food without taboo that could be enjoyed regardless of individual religious believes or preferences.
Subjects:Cultural Interchanges (Mediterranean)
“The Alexandrians don’t Need a Guidebook to their City”: Literary Nostalgia in Harry Tzalas’ Seven Days at the Cecil
Jaidaa G. Hamada Alexandria University

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 1

 | pp.

55-74

Abstract:

This paper seeks to examine Harry Tzalas’ Seven Days at the Cecil (2009) as a specimen of nostalgic writing, highlighting the way subjective recollections are transformed into a shared collective experience; a rendering of an intangibly fleeting past into a work of art. Nostalgic literary works may thus be regarded as not only a means of preserving personal memories, but also as a means of vivifying places, historical eras, anecdotes and figures. What unfolds throughout the novel is a nostalgic revisiting of the past; of an Alexandria that had once accommodated the characters, but is now in the realm of the distant, the inaccessible and the vanishing. Their remembering of the past is not elegiac; rather it is life-giving and self-defining. By a fortuitous meeting, a varied cast of characters find themselves entangled with each other. Each day, for a period of seven days, they visit different places in the city of their childhood; places of yesteryear that are still alive in their memories, though some of which could not withstand the ravages of time. The locus of their encounter is the Cecil Hotel. Arriving there acts like opening a floodgate of reminiscences through which Tzalas probes into the nature of nostalgia and the whole gamut of human emotions it invokes. The choice of the Cecil Hotel is particularly apt, for despite the renovations it has witnessed, it is still coloured in hues of the past, very much like the city itself. It thus serves as a causeway between the past and the present. To the author and his characters, Alexandria is not a symbolic homeland or an ecological niche, nor is it a relic of the past; rather it is a sensuous city, vibrant with scents, tastes, colours, tactile sensations, audible sounds, and the lithe rippling of the sea waves - all of which remain alive in their memories. As it has occurred to them, the grip of their Alexandria is too tenacious to let go of them, and this leads the narrator to contend at the end of the novel: “The Alexandrians don’t need a guidebook to their city, they carry her in their soul”.
Subjects:Uncategorized
Ηomer and “Big Five”
Rastislav Duris Comenius University in Bratislava
Matus Porubjak University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 1

 | pp.

37-54

Abstract:

Drawing from the models of contemporary personality psychology, this qualitative study analyses the characters of Greek mythological heroes as depicted in Homer's Illiad. First, it summarizes the current personality research as well as what psychodiagnostic methods there are for measuring different personality variables. In the next part, the authors describe the procedure they used for the verification of historical and intercultural validity of the personality models outlined earlier. Here they also present the results of their analysis with the conclusion that ancient Greek accounts testify to the universality of human nature throughout ages and cultures. At this point, the study also shows the hypothesized personality profiles of two major heroes, Achilles and Agamemnon. The following part of the article is dedicated to yet another psychological discourse: specifically how and why their motives and behavioural tendencies might cause clashes in their interaction, and also what occupational options they would probably face nowadays. Interdisciplinary in its nature, the paper finishes with the implications of the results for philosophy.
Subjects:Modern Sciences in the Classics
Alexandria and the Second Sophistic
Dimitrios Karadimas National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 1

 | pp.

14-36

Abstract:

Alexandria was theoretically an ideal place to become a center of sophistic activity during the period of the Second Sophistic (c. middle of the first century to the beginning of the third century AD). The fact is, however, that the centers of this cultural, educational, and intellectual activity were to be found in various cities of Asia Minor and Greece (e.g. Athens, Smyrna, Ephesus), while Alexandria is not mentioned among them. Philostratus, who gives a panoramic view of the sophistic movement of this period, does not include any sophists from Alexandria in his list, while the city itself is not mentioned at all. Moreover, Philostratus mentions four sophists from the neighbouring Naucratis, and gives the impression of a certain sophistic activity there, but not in Alexandria. Then, the questions that arise here are whether the sophistic movement had also developed in Alexandria and, if so, why Philostratus does not regard any of its sophists worthy of mention. The existing evidence shows that there was a significant development of the sophistic culture in Alexandria already from the early first century AD. As to the second question, I maintain that there was a clear incompatibility between Philostratus’ political ideas and the way he understood the role of the sophists, on the one hand, and the general tenets and practices of Alexandrians and Alexandrian sophists, on the other. I argue that this incompatibility was the main reason for Philostratus’ silence.
Subjects:Philosophy
Σωκρατικοί λόγοι as a literary genre and a way of life
Štefan Kolšovský University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava

ELECTRYONE 

2014
Volume 2, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-13

Abstract:

The author’s main objective is to show that it is possible to interpret the ‘Σωκρατικοι λογοι’ not only as literary representations of Socrates’ figure, but also as the resources for reconstruction of the Socratic philosophical conception of leading an examined life. Aristotle considers as ‘Σωκρατικοι λογοι’ only literary texts imitating Socrates explicitly and defines this genre’s distinctive features, but the author of this paper supposes that despite the absence of Socrates’ direct representation in the works of other Socratics (mostly those of Aristophanes, Xenophon and Plato), their texts are marked by Socrates’ influence too. The author of this paper also argues that it is not precisely this literary form of Socratic dialogue as such what makes Plato share the common Socratic heritage with the other Socratics. It is rather the conception of examining one’s true ethical character (ἦθος) which we find in his early dialogue Laches.
Subjects:Philosophy
Denise Eileen McCoskey, Race: Antiquity and its Legacy. London and New York, I.B. Tauris, 2012. $24.95. Pp. x & 250. Paperback. ISBN 9780195381887
Reviewed by: Tristan Samuels University of Toronto

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 2

 | pp.

39-43

Abstract:

Subjects:Reviews
Xenophon’s Representation of Socratic διαλέγεσθαι
Ιgor Deraj University of Presov in Presov

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 2

 | pp.

28-38

Abstract:

This paper deals with the problem of Xenophon’s representation of Socratic διαλέγεσθαι (dialogic conversation). The author analyzes selected examples of its use by Xenophon in his adaptation of the Socratic ethics in Memorabilia and compares it with Plato’s use of διαλέγεσθαι in his early dialogues. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the Socratic use of διαλέγεσθαι should not be identified with Socrates’ use of elenchus (ἔλεγχος). The author suggests an implication of this hypothesis is that the question-answer turn-taking form of διαλέγεσθαι is not its essential feature. He attempts to demonstrate that what constitutes the essence of both Socrates’ use of διαλέγεσθαι in Xenophon’s Memorabilia 4 and of Odysseus’ use of persuasive speech in Antisthenes’ Odysseus or on Odysseus is the purpose of examining and transforming one’s individual ethos (ἦθος).
Subjects:Philosophy
The Earliest Communication System in the Aegean
Νikos Panagiotakis Heraklion, Crete
Marina Panagiotaki University of the Aegean, Greece
Apostolos Sarris Laboratory of Geophysical-Satellite Remote Sensing and Archaeo-environmentInstitute of Mediterranean Studies (IMS)Foundation of Research & Technology, Hellas (F.O.R.T.H.)

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 2

 | pp.

13-27

Abstract:

A communication system based on fire signals was identified in Crete by the field archaeologist Nikos Panagiotakis, during an archaeological survey he conducted in the Pediada region in central Crete (from 1982 to 1989), covering more than 800 sq. km. The Pediada lies between the Bronze Age palatial sites of Knossos and Malia (from west to east) and extends south and southeast of modern Heraklion. The communication system was used during the Minoan period, especially between 1900-1700 BC. It worked by means of codified fire signals sent from the top of large, man-made constructions (in the shape of a truncated cone), built on the tops of hills or ridges. The network with its interconnecting visual contact could keep a close watch over, and so control natural passes and routes, covering the whole countryside and the coasts.
Subjects:Archaeology
Virgil: The Aeneid, translated into Arabic with notes by various hands, revised by A. Shaarawi, with an Introduction and Select Bibliography, Two Parts, 2nd edition, Cairo: National Center for Translation, 2011. Pp. 654. Binding: Paperback. ISBN: 978-977-704-474-5. ISBN of Second Part: 978-977-704-475-2
Reviewed by: Magda El-Nowieemy University of Alexandria, Egypt

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 1

 | pp.

66-68

Abstract:

Subjects:Ancient Rome, Reviews
Theognis and the Social Role of Measure
Matus Porubjak University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 1

 | pp.

54-65

Abstract:

The paper deals with the beginnings of the Greek ethical discourse in elegies of an archaic lyric poet Theognis of Megara. In the introduction author shortly discusses the question of origin and influence of the Theognidea. Then he gradually follows and interprets the occurrences of the expression “μηδὲν ἄγαν” (Nothing in excess), of the words σωφροσύνη (soundness of mind), σάοφρων (temperate), μέτρον (measure) and μέτριος (moderate), according to the problem of ἀρετή (excellence). On the basis of symposium description in the Theognidea and its functions, author shows the crucial social dimension of researched capabilities. He also tries to show how Theognis grasps the wisdom as a quality that has to be tried for and cared for. In the end author states that for Theognis the excellences such as wisdom, justice, sound mind and proper measure are conditio sine qua non for functioning of all social relations – from erotic relations through symposium to polis itself.
Subjects:Ancient Greek Literature, Philosophy
Deukalion and Pyrrha: Re-reading the Greek Flood myth
%author-name% Universidad Complutense, Madrid

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 2

 | pp.

1-12

Abstract:

In recent years the most common way to interpret the Greek myth of the Flood has been through a comparative approach in the context of the relationship between Greek and Near Eastern cultures and the influences of the Near East on Greek traditions, literature, religion and myth. My article does not intend to re-examine the conclusions of this research, but, without diminishing the obvious importance of the comparative approach, to focus on the most 'canonical' Greek version of the myth and to highlight some aspects of it which in my view have not been so deeply explored.
Subjects:Mythology
Αrchaeological tourism and economic crisis. Italy and Greece
Marxiano Melotti Niccolò Cusano University, Rome

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 1

 | pp.

29-53

Abstract:

Before the recent economic crisis, both in Greece and in Italy there was an extraordinary development in various kinds of urban activities. Some of them have considerably affected museums and archaeological sites and have made them more attractive to the new post-modern tourism of sensory and emotional character. The new Acropolis Museum in Athens was almost a symbol of this change, but also the new exhibition spaces in commercial centres and underground stations must be taken into account. In Italy a similar change occurred in some of its major towns, such as Rome, Turin, Naples, Cagliari and Reggio Calabria. The outbreak of the crisis has subsequently brought to a halt the proliferation of these initiatives and has induced critical reflections on what has happened and what may yet happen. Urban policies, gentrification and beautification processes must be reconsidered. It is no longer time for archaeology without finds and atmosphere without contents, accordingly to the post-modern model. However, the de-intellectualization of today’s societies obliges even the most serious scholars to take into account the potential of some forms of edutainment, such as living history and re-enactment, which up-to-now have been under-evaluated and despised by archaeologists and historians.
Subjects:Ancient Rome, History
Stasis in Roman Sicily
Ralph Covino The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 1

 | pp.

18-28

Abstract:

This article seeks to examine the evidence for three instances of stasis-prevention efforts from the period of Roman dominion known to us through the medium of Cicero’s Verrines. In doing so, it will build on the work of Berger who examined the phenomenon of stasis in Sicily and Southern Italy during preceding eras and of Eilers who examined the Roman patrons of Greek cities. The article establishes a timeline for the Romans’ efforts and then draws conclusions about the people involved in stasis-prevention in the province and the Romans’ hands-off approach to civic government in Sicily during the Republic.
Subjects:Ancient Rome, History
Barbarians at the Gate: Foreign Slaves in Greek City-States
Kelly Wrenhaven Cleveland State University

ELECTRYONE 

2013
Volume 1, Issue 1

 | pp.

1-17

Abstract:

This article considers the relationship between interconnectivity and Greek slavery, in particular, the slave trade and the geographical sources of slaves in Greek city-states. Since there exists no extant treatment of the slave-trade from Greek antiquity, most of the evidence is indirect and focuses primarily upon the Classical period. A variety of source material is examined, including Greek drama, art, historiography, and inscriptions. Of specific interest is the often problematic nature of the evidence for the slave trade and the ethnicity of slaves. Although it is clear that the Greeks traded in foreign slaves, how most slaves were acquired and from where are questions that continue to confound modern scholars. This article does not seek to provide a definitive answer to these questions, but aims to further the discussion through a consideration of why the Greeks preferred foreign slaves, how slaves were procured and from where, how we might determine the ethnicity of slaves through indirect evidence (such as names), and the presence of foreign slaves in Attica, where most of the source material originates.
Subjects:History